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声纹技术(一):声纹技术的前世今生
2022-06-25 07:36:00 【u013250861】
1.1 什么是声纹
说起“指纹”,大家都不会感到陌生。中国是世界上公认最早使用指纹的国家,自3000 多年前的西周起,便有在公文、契约上画押按指印的做法。在许多警匪、侦探小说里,我们可以了解到,通过指纹来锁定犯罪嫌疑人,属于最基本的破案手段之一。我们出国旅行的时候,若是需要办理其他国家的签证,往往也会被要求去大使馆内进行指纹扫描。而现在的大多数智能手机,更是选择将指纹解锁作为其默认的解锁方式。
毫不夸张地说,指纹识别技术,早已普及到我们每个人的身边。而指纹技术之所以能够得到如此广泛的利用,其根本原因,在于一个重要的事实,那就是——我们每个人的指纹都不一样。
与指纹相比,“声纹”的概念让大多数人感到十分陌生。指纹很直观,它是一种看得见、摸得着的特征。如果近距离仔细观察便能发现,我们每根手指的指纹都会有一些容易记住的特征,例如分叉点、末梢点及螺旋的数量、位置与形状,等等。
而声音,并不具备真正意义上的“纹理”。声纹这个名称本身,若是咬文嚼字,会发现其从字面上来看更多的是一种类比。而事实上,无论是在中文里,还是在英文里,声纹(voiceprint)一词,最早都是由指纹(fingerprint)的概念衍生而来的。
我们都知道,不同的人,说话的声音是不一样的。每个人的发音器官,包括声带、声管等,在大小和形状上会有所差异。一般来说,男性的声音更加深沉,女性的声音更加尖细,儿童的声音更加稚嫩,老人的声音则更加沧桑。可见,性别与年龄是影响人说话声音的两个重要因素。
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