[today in history] June 13: parent-child disputes in packet switched networks; The founder of game theory was born; The embryonic form of interactive television

Arrangement | Wang Qilong

through 「 Today in history 」, Look at the future from the past , You can change the future from now on .

It's today 2022 year 6 month 13 Japan , John · Morkley visited ABC Computer , And ABC One of the designers of atanasov met . This meeting may be right ENIAC The invention of has had a certain impact . This matter was later involved in a protracted 、 A contentious lawsuit —— A dispute over computer patents .1973 year , The U. S. federal court revoked the patent right of Eckert and morkley to invent the electronic digital computer , It was ruled that atanasov was the inventor of the electronic computer . About this powerful “ Father of computer ” A battle for , Please see 9 month 30 Daily column .

Atanasov may have won a point in court , But he went back to be a teacher , But we are still at the forefront of building the first truly programmable electronic computer .

—— Little John · PIPP · Eckert

In the history of computers , Often around “ Who is the pioneer of a technology ” To dispute ; But no matter who is the father of computer, morkley or atanasov , They have all made indelible and outstanding contributions to the development of computers . stay 4 month 29 Japan and 6 month 7 Japan In my column , We have introduced two scholars who are widely regarded as “ The father of packet switching networks ” Computer pioneers , And today , Another scientist who has made pioneering contributions to packet switching networks was born , bring “ Who is the inventor of packet switching network ” There has been a lot of discussion about this matter .

1928 year 6 month 13 Japan ： Founder of game theory John Nash born

Picture source ： Wikipedia

1928 year 6 month 13 Japan , American mathematician John Jr · Forbes · Nash （John Forbes Nash Jr.） born , He is a former Moore honorary lecturer at Massachusetts Institute of technology , It mainly studies game theory 、 Differential geometry and partial differential equations . In his later years, he was a senior research mathematician at Princeton University .1950 year , Nash received his doctorate from Princeton University , He's just 28 An important concept is proposed in page's doctoral thesis , Become an important breakthrough in game theory ; This concept is called “ Nash equilibrium ”, It is widely used in economics 、 Computer science 、 Evolutionary biology 、 Artificial intelligence 、 Accounting 、 Policy and military theory .1994 year , He and two other game theorists, John · Heisani and Reinhard · Zelten shared the Nobel Prize in economics .

Nash's most important mathematical achievement was in the field of differential geometry and partial differential equations , In particular, a series of results of isometric embedding of Riemannian manifolds into Euclidean space . Because of the contribution to nonlinear partial differential equations , He and Louis · Nierenberg shared 2015 The Abel prize . Geometer Mikhail · Grover commented on Nash's work ：“ He has great analysis （ Exponential analysis ） Ability combined with geometric insight .…… His geometry work , Whether it's his result 、 technology 、 Ideas used , Contrary to anyone's original expectations .…… What he did in Geometry , From my point of view , It is much greater than what he has done in economics , There are many orders of magnitude differences .”

stay 1959 Years later, , As a result of mental symptoms , Nash's research career was interrupted , stay 1959 Years and 1961 He entered the hospital for recuperation twice in , He was diagnosed with mental disorders . Nash refused to take psychotropic drugs , stay 1970 After year , Symptoms gradually improve , So I returned to academic research work again . His experience during this period , By Sylvia · Nasha wrote a biography , And remake it into a movie 《 Beautiful mind 》, Make his deeds widely known .

Nash and his wife went to Norway to receive the Abel prize （ An international award in mathematics ） after , On 2015 year 5 month 23 I returned to Newark International Airport on the th . They temporarily changed their flight , Arrive at 2 p.m , Five hours earlier than scheduled , The reserved private car therefore did not arrive . They called the car company , But the other party doesn't arrange for them to solve , So they took a taxi home , But there was an accident in the southbound direction of the New Jersey highway . At about 4:30 p.m , Taxi drivers who have been in the taxi industry for only two weeks lose control when trying to overtake , As a result, the taxi hit a guardrail . The Nashs were thrown out of the car , Died on the spot .

source ： Wikipedia 、 Baidu Encyclopedia

1934 year 6 month 13 Japan ： The pioneer of packet switching network 、 Internet pioneers Leonard Kleinrock born

Leonard, a computer scientist · Klein rock （Leonard Kleinrock） Born in 1934 year 6 month 13 Japan , He is Henry of the University of California, Los Angeles · Professor of computer science, School of engineering and Applied Sciences, Samueli , He has made many outstanding contributions in the field of computer network , Especially in the theory of computer network . stay UCLA Of ARPANET Under development , He also played an important role , Is one of the pioneers of the Internet . Kleinrock in 1951 Graduated from the famous Bronx science high school in , Later on 1957 In, he received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from new city college , And in 1959 Years and 1963 M. S. and Ph. D. degrees in electrical engineering and computer science from Massachusetts Institute of technology .

One of Kleinrock's most important contributions is queuing theory （queuing theory）, This is a mathematical theory and method for studying the random convergence and dispersion of systems and the working process of random service systems , Also known as stochastic service system theory , It is a branch of operational research , It has applications in many fields . Kleinrock is 1961 The paper proposal in contributed to 1962 Ph. D. Thesis at Massachusetts Institute of technology , Later on 1964 In, he published queuing theory in book form .1967 year 5 month , Project manager of the advanced research projects agency Larry Roberts Brought Kleinrock into the ARPANET project , Then he was in 1969 Signed with Kleinrock in , To measure ARPANET Performance of packet switching in . Kleinrock in 1970 The work of mathematics in the early s had a profound impact on the early ARPANET The development of .

Picture source ： Wikipedia

1970 The mid - , Kleinrock published a study on the theory and application of queuing theory in computer networks . He directed many graduate students who studied the Internet communication protocols that led to the Internet , Include Steve Crocker、Vint Cerf and Jon Postel. They have jointly published many research papers .1980 year , Kleinrock was elected to the National Academy of engineering , In recognition of his pioneering contributions in this field and his leadership as a computer communication network educator .

from 1990 From mid-s , Klein Rochester is recognized as “ The father of modern data networks ”, He used to say ：

The idea of a message exchange network really drove my research , Message switching network is the pioneer of packet switching network . A mathematical tool developed in queuing theory , Queueing network , It perfectly matches the computer network model ; Of course , In fact, they don't exactly match , So I have to adjust the mathematical model to the computer network . then , I also developed some design programs , Used to optimize capacity allocation 、 Routing program and topology design .

Kleinrock also claimed that he was 1960 Work in the early s pioneered the concept of packet switching , And this work is ARPANET Source of the packet switching concept used in .2004 year , He described his work as ：

I am here 1961 - 1962 What I did in my doctoral research in is basically the mathematical theory of establishing packet networks , It reveals the basic principles that drive today's Internet .

Today's historians and recognized by the National Inventors Hall of fame Paul · balaam and Donald · Davis For the inventor of the packet switching concept , Because they independently invented the modern computer network （ Including the Internet ） The concept of digital packet switching used in . But in addition to Kleinrock's claim that he was the pioneer of the concept of packet switching , Some people think that ARPA Director of the information processing technology office 、 The famous Xerox PARC Robert, the founder of the computer science laboratory · Taylor （Robert Taylor） Created the packet switching network . As stated in the foreword , In the history of computers , Often around “ Who is the pioneer of a technology ” To dispute ; But whoever is the father of packet switched networks , These pioneers have made indelible and outstanding contributions to the development of computers and the Internet .

source ： Wikipedia 、 Baidu Encyclopedia

1993 year 6 month 13 Japan ：TCI、 Time Warner and Microsoft announced the establishment of a joint venture that combines computer and television

Picture source ： Wikipedia

1993 Years of today , Three major American companies —— Time Warner, a media company 、 Cable operators Tele-Communications Inc. And software publisher Microsoft Corporation announced , They will set about setting up a joint venture , Redefine the computer 、 The world of communication and television . The three enterprises will set up a company named Cablesoft The company , And will develop interactive TV software , Enable consumers to shop through their home TV and use the World Wide Web .

Cablesoft It is an early attempt to define the interactive television standard . Although the partner of this new company is Microsoft 、 Telecom and Time Warner , But in fact , Most of the effort seems to be on Microsoft , The two cable TV companies have no technology base , The help that can be provided is limited .Cablesoft The result of our efforts is 1994 year 5 Announced for the first time in June , Microsoft released Microsoft Media Server（ During development, the code is Tiger ） And is called NTAS Of Windows NT Customized version of the operating system . Essentially , This product uses something similar PC Set top box for , It can be connected with the front-end of cable TV companies PC function NTAS communicate , The content is then transmitted .

It seems that the gathering of superstars often symbolizes failure ： Whether it's in the sports arena every year “ Galactic warship ” The fall of , still 2000 The most unsuccessful battle of this century Business combination , Or the cross-border cooperation of Microsoft ……Cablesoft Finally, Microsoft failed because it insisted on taking its own software as the industry standard , Besides , Microsoft is no longer actively involved in the previously announced separate alliance with general instruments and Intel , To surround one's own Windows Software and Intel 386 A series of microprocessor chips build a set-top box .1997 year 9 month 16 Japan , Microsoft, which has experienced a failure, has 4.25 $billion acquisition of Silicon Valley start-ups WebTV, And launch an improved version of WebTV. The early experiments of interactive television have gone through many setbacks , What stage of development do you think smart TV today belongs to ？ Welcome to participate in this poll at the same time , Share your insights in the comments section .

【 Welcome to contribute 】 Take history as a mirror , We can know the rise and fall . Computer science has developed so far , There are many crucial events 、 figure , Welcome all friends to build 「 Today in history 」, Send email ：[email protected] .