Technical past: tcp/ip protocol that has changed the world (precious pictures, caution for mobile phones)

1、 Preface

As an application layer Developer , The most frequently contacted network protocols are usually transport layer TCP（ Another important agreement on the same level is UDP agreement ）, But for the IP agreement , For application programmers, more impression is IP Address this thing , It's hard to say clearly if you go deeper .

This article will briefly review the past TCP/IP Past of agreement 、 Brief introduction TCP/IP The relationship of the agreement family , And intuitively share with you TCP/IP The virtual network constructed by the protocol family and the real world “ Connect ” situation .

2、TCP/IP Protocol Brief

Internet protocol family （ English ：Internet Protocol Suite, Abbreviation for IPS）, It's a network communication model , And a whole family of network transmission protocols , For the Internet infrastructure . It is often called TCP/IP Protocol family （ English ：TCP/IP Protocol Suite, or TCP/IP Protocols）, abbreviation TCP/IP agreement . Because the two core protocols of this protocol family , Include TCP（ Transmission control protocol ） and IP（ Internet protocol ）, It is the first standard passed in this family .

For application layer developers , The most frequently contacted network protocols are usually transport layer TCP, Why do you say that? , Because the upward application layer protocol , Such as ：HTTP、HTTPS、POP3、SMTP、RPC、FTP、TELNET And so on TCP Transport layer protocol . But for the IP agreement , For application programmers, more impression is IP Address this thing , actually IP The agreement is located in TCP The network layer under the protocol , It is difficult for application layer programmers to have direct access to .

Here's a picture , It directly reflects TCP/IP Relationship of protocol family （ For HD download, click here to enter ）：
 

3、TCP/IP The father of the agreement

Wikipedia for Robert · Kahn's introduction ：
Often called Bob · Mr Strauss-kahn （Bob Kahn）, Born in Brooklyn, New York, USA , Invented TCP agreement , And with Venter · Cerf invented IP agreement ; These two protocols have become the cornerstones of the Internet .

Wikipedia for Winton · Cerf's introduction ：
Winton · gray · Cerf, （ English ：Vinton Gray Cerf,1943 year 6 month 23 Japan －）, The nickname is venter · Cerf, （Vint Cerf ）, Born in New Haven, Connecticut , Computer scientists , Because with Robert · Strauss Kahn designed TCP/IP Protocol and Internet infrastructure are collectively referred to as “ The father of the Internet ”.

Winton · Cerf's resume ：

• Born in 1943 year , He loved arithmetic and Science in his childhood ,1965 He received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from Stanford University in .
• Worked in IBM company ,1967 year , I was admitted to the Graduate School of the University of California , Got a doctorate in Computer Science .
• 1972 year -1976 year , Teaching at Stanford University , In the meantime with Robert · Mr Strauss Kahn led TCP/IP The R & D team of the agreement .
• 1997 year 12 month , Won the National Medal of technology .
• The current ICANN( Internet name and number distribution agency ) chairman , Part time in the United States MCI Senior vice president of technology strategy .

President Bush is Robert · Mr Strauss-kahn （ In the middle ） And venter · Cerf, （ Left ） Award medals ：
 

1997 year 12 month , President Bush honored Robert · Strauss Kahn and Venter · Cerf awarded both of them the American National Medal of technology for their contributions to the establishment and development of the Internet .

Robert · Mr Strauss-kahn （ Left ） With venter · Cerf, （ Right person ） Interview together ：
 

4、 Witness the birth of the Internet

1969 year 8 month 30 Japan , from BBN The first one made by the company “ Interface information processor ”IMP1, Before the scheduled date 2 It will arrive in the next day UCLA. UCLA （UCLA） Professor of computer science 、 The famous Internet pioneer cranlock took 40 A number of engineering and technical personnel and graduate students carry out installation and commissioning .10 At the beginning of , The second one IMP2 To Stanford Research Institute, the second node of ARPANET test （SRI）.

After more than a year of intensive research by hundreds of people , The ARPANET remote networking test will be formally implemented .

soon ,1969 year 11 month , The third one IMP3 Arrive at the third node of ARPANET —— University of California, Santa Barbara （UCSB）;1969 year 12 month , The last one for test IMP4 At the fourth node of ARPANET —— University of Utah （Utah） Installation successful , Basically realized the design blueprint planned by Roberts . therefore , have 4 Node ARPANET （ARPANet） Officially launched , Since then, human society has stepped into the network era .

BBN A group photo of the programmer team ：
 

Log of witnessing the first Internet connection experiment ：
 

at that time IMP1 With the host Sigma-7 The connection site ：
 

5、TCP/IP Let the network become real “ Internet ”

5.1 The early web was not practical

Connect the two computers together , Just a small step towards the establishment of the Internet . People soon found out , If you want to put more different types of computers , Connected together through networks of different specifications , And let them share content , We have to invent a set of more advanced technologies .

If you see the chaos at the beginning of the invention of the Internet , Skillfully operate smart phones 、 Modern people who use wireless signals for video conversations may find it incredible . After the advent of ARPANET , The US military quickly adopted this technology , however , More and more computers are connected to the network , It is difficult for the computer sending information to locate the target computer in the complex network . also , The original network lacked error correction capabilities , In case of any error during data transmission , The network may stop working . More computers with errors , The network operation efficiency is greatly reduced .

5.2 TCP/IP The agreement was born

Now two famous scientists 、TCP/IP The inventor of the agreement —— Robert · Kahn and Vinton · It was then that Cerf began their important work . I'm afraid they also belong to this group “ The father of the Internet ” The most famous scientist with the title . They all got “ Nobel Prize in Computer Science ”—— Turing Award , Cerf was also the global vice president and chief Internet expert of Google .

The two scientists first focused on assigning each computer a unique and definite address , Just like the house number , With it, the courier can deliver the package accurately —— This is it. IP. and TCP Is responsible for supervising the transmission process , Send a signal when something goes wrong , Request retransmission , Until all data is transferred safely and correctly to the destination . This idea led directly to a new device —— The emergence of routers .

stay 1973 It came out in and was continuously improved TCP/IP The agreement is still the guarantee for the stable operation of the global Internet . Through this technology , The two scientists made the reliability of information transmission completely guaranteed by the host equipment , It has nothing to do with the material and shape of the network hardware connecting these hosts . People say ,TCP/IP Technology will eventually be able to run on “ Two jars and a string ” On , You can even use carrier pigeons to replace the Internet .

1974 year , People have witnessed TCP/IP The success of the agreement . In this experiment , Scientists retransmit data packets between satellite networks and terrestrial cables , Computer systems throughout Europe and the United States , The entire 9.4 Thousands of kilometers , No data bits are lost . Same year , The US government unconditionally announced TCP/IP The core technology of the protocol , The wave of Internet around the world is rising .

5.3 hypothesis ： If you will TCP/IP Patent application , Will gates still be the richest man in the world ？

“ There are more than 10 Billion people are using the Internet .” Winton · Cerf said ,“ Frankly speaking , More than thirty years ago TCP/IP When , We didn't expect this technology to be used so widely .”

TCP/IP Protocol invents humanity · Cerf, ：
 

“ Applying for a patent is not feasible from a practical point of view , If the new technology is not free and free , People will leave us .” Venter · Cerf insists that one of the reasons for today's Internet Success is attributed to him and Robert · Strauss Kahn did not apply for a patent , hold TCP/IP As private property .

1973 year , Venter · Cerf and Robert · When Kahn designed the Internet , Make an important decision , We must make the communication between computers open and transparent ;1975 year , When you start deploying the Internet , Both of them decided to give this gift to people , Let us share freely .

6、 Today's Internet

Now ,TCP/IP Protocols make the Internet more and more far away , It's no exaggeration to say , There is no this one “ network ” Our world will not be 21 century .“ network ” Has been in the world of speculation , Can't see 、 Unable to touch , Have you ever thought about what the Internet is like ？ Let's see .

It looks like the following （ from Opte Internet map drawn by the engineering team ）, Please click here to view the original drawing and description .
 

6.1 2003 Year of “ Internet ”
 
 

6.2 2010 Year of “ Internet ”
 
 

6.3 2015 Year of “ Internet ”
 
 

6.4 What is the basis of the above figure ？

It is drawn based on the real routing nodes of the real world Internet , The specific process is shown in the figure below ：

 

7、 adopt TCP/IP How to shorten the distance between people on the earth ？

The answer is achieved through the communication optical cables laid by various countries in Haiti . Let's take a look 2015 Between countries through submarine optical cables “ Connect ” situation .

2015 year Global Internet Connection diagram of transnational communication optical cables ：（ Click here to enter ）
 

2015 year Global Internet Connection diagram of transnational communication optical cables （ The Chinese part is magnified ）：（ Click here to enter ）
 
Add ： You can see in this picture , There are not many transnational submarine optical cables in China , It is reasonable that the delay of connecting to foreign websites is so large .

A more impressive picture of the connection of the global Internet transnational communication optical cables （2015 Edition of ）：（ Click here to enter ）
 
ok , If I were fried dough twist Teng , Make a similar one QQ、 Wechat connection , It is estimated that there will be a sense of achievement like Napoleon's conquest of Europe ...

8、TCP/IP Redefined state to state 、 A unit of distance between people

For the Internet world , The distance between networks can be measured by “ Network delay ” To measure （ The unit is usually milliseconds ）, From a real world perspective , It is TCP/IP The power of agreement , Redefined state to state 、 A unit of distance between people , Give Way “ Connect ” No sense of distance .

You might wonder , What is the communication delay between us and major countries in the world ？ Let's take a look at the following pictures .

Communications initiated from Hong Kong , Delay diagram with the world's major nodes ：
 
explain ： The delay from Hong Kong to the United States is about 150ms、 To Britain more than 200ms.

A communication initiated from the United Kingdom , Delay diagram with the world's major nodes ：
 
explain ： The delay from Britain to China is about 200ms.

Communications from the United States , Delay diagram with the world's major nodes ：
 
explain ： The delay from the United States to China is about 120ms、 To Japan about 80ms（ It is indeed an ally ）.

( This article is published synchronously in ：http://www.52im.net/thread-520-1-1.html)