Automated testing ----- selenium (I)

Catalog

What is automated testing

unit testing

Interface automation testing

UI automated testing

selenium Introduce

webdriver API

Positioning of elements

  Operate the test object

Add wait

Print information

The operation of the browser

Keyboard events

Mouse events

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What is automated testing

Automated testing refers to the automation of software testing , Run the application or system in the preset state , Preset conditions include normal and abnormal , Finally, evaluate the operation results . The process of transforming human driven test behavior into machine execution .

Automated testing includes UI automation , Interface automation , Unit test automation .

unit testing

The biggest investment should be in unit testing , Unit tests also run more frequently .java Our unit testing framework is Junit.

Interface automation testing

Interface testing is API test , be relative to UI automation API Automation is easier to achieve , The implementation is also more stable .
Characteristics of interface automatic test ：

• In the early stage of the product , Intervene after the interface is completed
• Use case maintenance is small
• Suitable for small interface changes , Items with frequent interface changes

UI automated testing

UI Automated testing is closer to the needs of users and the actual business of software systems . And sometimes we have to UI Layer testing .

UI Features of automated testing ：

• The maintenance of use cases is large
• Strong page relevance , You must intervene after the completion of the later project page development
• UI The test is suitable for projects with small interface changes

UI The benefits of Automation ：

1. Reduce the probability of human error , Create a reliable testing process
2. Tedious tests can be carried out （ For example, the test process is consistent , Each time you enter data, it's different ,ddt）
3. A lot of repeated tests can be carried out , regression testing
4. Can save human resources
5. Reusability of scripts
6. You can perform tests that are difficult to perform by hand （ Precise timing ）

selenium Introduce

Selenium yes web The application is based on UI Automatic testing framework of , Support for multiple platforms 、 Multi browser 、 Multilingual .

Now let's talk about selenium, It usually refers to Selenium2.0. It has a reason Selenium IDE,Webdriver,Selenium Grid form .

webdriver API

First, let's look at a simple automated test script

# coding = utf-8    // Prevent confusion code , There is no need to add , Because the editor defaults to UTF-8 Pattern .
from selenium import webdriver  // Import webdriver tool kit , So you can use the API
import time    
browser = webdriver.Firefox()  
// Get the driver of the controlled browser , Here is get Firefox Of , Of course, you can also get Chrome browser , But to make this code effective , The corresponding browser driver must be installed 
time.sleep(3)
browser.get("http://www.baidu.com")
time.sleep(3)
browser.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("selenium")  
// By element ID Locate the element you want to operate , And input the corresponding text content to the element  .
time.sleep(3)
browser.find_element_by_id("su").click()
// By element ID Navigate to element , And click .
browser.quit()   // Exit and close the window 

notes ：browser.close() You can also close the window . The difference between the two ：close Method to close the current browser window ,quit Method not only closes the window , And I'm going to quit completely webdriver, Release and driverserver Connection between . So to put it simply quit Is more thorough close,quit Will better release resources .

Positioning of elements

principle ： No matter how you locate , This method must be globally unique

Common methods of locating elements are ：

• id    If there is , You can globally and uniquely locate an element
• name  Only when it exists and is globally unique can it locate
• class name   Only when it exists and is globally unique can it locate
• link text    Must be a link , And the linked content is globally unique , To locate
• partial link text   Must be a link , And the linked content is globally unique , To locate （ Part of the content of the link can ）
• tag name    You must be globally unique to locate （ Tag name ）
• xpath    Any element can be located （ Right click -copy-copyXpath）
• css selector    （ Right click -copy-copyselector）

#coding=utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get("http://www.baidu.com")
######### Positioning method of Baidu input box ##########
# adopt id  Way positioning 
browser.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("selenium")
# adopt name  Way positioning 
browser.find_element_by_name("wd").send_keys("selenium")
# adopt tag name  Way positioning 
browser.find_element_by_tag_name("input").send_keys("selenium")  Can't succeed , because 
input Too many, not the only .
# adopt class name  Way positioning 
browser.find_element_by_class_name("s_ipt").send_keys("selenium")
# adopt CSS  Way positioning 
browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#kw").send_keys("selenium")
# adopt xphan  Way positioning 
browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id='kw']").send_keys("selenium")
# adopt link_text  Way positioning 
browser.find_element_by_link_text(" Journalism ").click()
############################################
browser.find_element_by_id("su").click()
time.sleep(3)
browser.quit()

  Operate the test object

webdriver There are several common methods to manipulate objects in ：

1. send_keys() Send information to the element
2. click（） Click on the element
3. submit（） Submit Form
4. clear（） Clear the content of the element
5. text Get the content of the element

Add wait

Fixed waiting sleep（）

We need to introduce time package , Fixed waiting must wait enough time in brackets

import time
time.sleep(3)

Intelligent waiting

adopt implicitly_wait() Method can easily realize intelligent waiting ;implicitly_wait() The usage of is better than time.sleep()
More intelligent , The latter can only choose a fixed time to wait , The former can wait intelligently within a time range . When the script executes to an element location , If the element can be positioned , Then continue ; If the element cannot be located , Then it continuously determines whether the element is located in the way of polling . Until the set duration is exceeded .

browser.implicitly_wait(30)  // Intelligent waiting 30 second 

Print information

Print title

#coding = utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print(driver.title) #  Put the page title  Print out 

Print URL

#coding = utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print(driver.current_url) # Print url

The operation of the browser

Browser maximization

browser.maximize_window()

Set browser width and height

browser.set_window_size(width, high)  // Numbers are pixels 

Move the browser forward 、 back off

# Browser advances 
browser.forward()
# Browser Back 
browser.back()

Control the browser scroll bar

# Slide the browser scroll bar to the top 
document.documentElement.scrollTop=0
# Slide the browser scroll bar to the bottom 
document.documentElement.scrollTop=10000

Keyboard events

To use keyboard keys , Must introduce keys package ：
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

adopt send_keys() Call the key ：
send_keys(Keys.TAB) # TAB
send_keys(Keys.ENTER) # enter
send_keys(Keys.SPACE) # Space bar
send_keys(Keys.ESCAPE) # backspace key （Esc）
......

Keyboard combination usage

send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'a') # Future generations （Ctrl+A）
send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'c') # Copy （Ctrl+C）
send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'x') # Clip （Ctrl+X）
send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'v') # Paste （Ctrl+V）

Mouse events

To use mouse events, you need to import the toolkit ：
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

#coding=utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
import time
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://news.baidu.com")
qqq =driver.find_element_by_xpath(".//*[@id='s_btn_wr']")
ActionChains(driver).context_click(qqq).perform() # Right click 
ActionChains(driver).double_click(qqq).perform() # double-click 
# Locate the original location of the element 
element = driver.find_element_by_id("s_btn_wr")
# Locate the target location to which the element is to be moved 
target = driver.find_element_by_class_name("btn")
# Perform the move operation of the element 
ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop(element, target).perform()