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什么是唯心主义
2022-07-25 19:30:00 【大魔法师云中君】
唯心主义(英语:idealism),
在哲学中,是一些形而上学看法的通称,
这些哲学看法通常宣称现实世界,或者说人类所能感知的现实世界,都是以心智为基础、建构于心智之上
唯心主义主要分成两大类:
主观唯心主义
认为物质的存在是建立于人类的意识,是意识派生出来的产物,
客观唯心主义
认为在人类的意识之前,存在着一个客观的意识,这个意识形成或者独立于人类的意识
development:
关于经验世界乃由心智产生的论述,现今已知最早的可追溯到印度及希腊。
印度唯心主义者和希腊新柏拉图主义者提出类似万有神论的论述
作为事务的根源或真正自然的真实,意识是存在于万物之中
此外,约于公元4世纪伴随着大乘佛教而兴起的瑜伽行唯识学派以此基础,
将原先“唯心”主义大幅度延伸至着重个人经验的现象学。
这个朝向主观唯心主义的转变呼应了18世纪中叶唯心主义的复兴
乔治·贝克莱等学者创立经验主义并对唯物主义提出质疑。
紧接着的19世纪的哲学主要由许多德国唯心主义学者主导,
从康德起,然后有黑格尔、费希特、谢林以及叔本华。
这个传统产生了许多着重于主观的与唯心的学派,
例如现象主义和存在主义。
然而,唯心主义在20世纪遭到严重的打击,
其中最具影响力的来自爱德华·摩尔和罗素对于认识论及本体论的批评,当然他们的批评也包括新现实主义。
根据史丹佛哲学百科全书所述,摩尔和罗素的批评影响力之大,
导致在往后的 100 年间“任何偏向唯心主义的认知均被英语世界以存疑的眼光看待”
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