English Grammar - pronunciation rules

One 、48 A phonetic sign （ phoneme ） Brief table （18 The phenomenon of great phonetic change ）

The vowel is divided into the front vowel 、 Middle vowels and post vowels , The distinguishing point is that the tongue body is in the front of the mouth when pronouncing 、 Middle or rear

Phoneme pronunciation link ：https://en-yinbiao.xiao84.com/

18 The phenomenon of great phonetic change ：

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/32385787

https://csbabel.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/english-liaison-rules/

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E8%BF%9E%E8%AF%BB

Two 、 Open syllable and closed syllable （ Those with a radio are called closed syllables , Those who don't have a radio call open syllables ）

A closed syllable in a broad sense ： All syllables ending in consonants （r, w, y With the exception of ）, such as bai: meet,height,met,hit These are closed syllables

A closed syllable in a narrow sense ： By “ A single vowel letter + Consonant letter ” ending , such as : met,hit,shed,got,bet,then,odd etc. . At this time, the vowel sounds are short and crisp

The absolute open syllable in a broad sense ： A syllable that ends with a vowel , such as pie, bee, pi, he These are all open syllables .

The absolute open syllable in the narrow sense ： It ends with a single vowel ： such as me, hi etc. , At this time, the vowel sounds like the original sound . This is not only applicable to me In such monosyllabic words , It is also applicable to the stress of absolute open syllables in the narrow sense in disyllabic and polysyllabic words , such as pi‧lot in pi This is the case , So the vowels in this syllable are pronounced i The original sound of [aɪ]

 

3、 ... and 、5 Rules for pronouncing vowels

vowel	The pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables	Pronunciation in unstressed syllables	Special pronunciation
a	In the open syllable [ei] name plane Jane baby  In closed syllables [æ] bag dad hat map black	[e] China another woman breakfast [i] orange comrade village cabbage	1、 A vowel is a special sound in all kinds of sounds a stay [w] Behind the sound [ɒ] want what watch wash quality a stay f n sk ph sp ss st th front [a:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father i stay -nd -ld and gh front [ai] find child light high o stay -st -ld front [eu] most postcard old cold o stay m n v th front [ʌ] come monkey love mother 2、-r The pronunciation of vowel groups in stressed syllables ar [a:] car farm dark sharpener stay [w] Behind the sound [ɔ:] warm quarter towards　or [ɔ:] forty morning short stay [w] Behind the sound [ɜ:] word worker worse　er ir ur [ɜ:]certainly bird Thursday
e	In the open syllable [i:] he these me Chinese In closed syllables [e] bed let pen desk yes	[e] hundred student open weekend children [i] chicken pocket begin
i	In the open syllable [ai] bike fly drive time nice  In closed syllables [i] fish big drink sit milk	[e]/[i] holiday beautiful family animal [ai] exercise satellite
o	In the open syllable [eu] those close go hoe  In closed syllables [ɒ] clock not box shop	[e] second tonight somebody welcome [eu] also zero photo
u	In the open syllable [ju:] student excuse duty  In closed syllables [ʌ] bus cup jump much  In the open syllable , vowel u In consonant letters j l r s Read later [u:] The sound , for example :June blue ruler super	[e] autumn diffcult [ju:] popular congratulation January In verbs a If you are in the open syllable position , a read [ei] The sound , for example :operate u In the open syllable position , Again in consonants j l r s In the back , read [u(:)] The sound , for example :July influence February issue

 

Four 、 Syllable and syllable division knowledge   https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/38602258

1. Syllables

A unit of pronunciation consisting mainly of vowels , Generally speaking, vowels sound loud , Can form syllables , Consonants don't sound loud , Cannot form syllables alone （[m] [n] [ŋ ] [l] exception ）. From the spelling of words , A few vowels have a few syllables .

2. The division of syllables

① When there are two consonants adjacent to stressed and unstressed syllables , A consonant group belongs to the preceding syllable , A syllable that belongs to the back .

for example ：let-ter,mem-ber,chil-dren,daugh-ter

② When there is only one consonant adjacent to stressed and unstressed syllables , If the vowel in the preceding stressed syllable is a long sound, the auxiliary word group belongs to the following syllable , If the vowel in the stressed syllable is short , Then consonants belong to stressed syllables .

for example ： Long tone pa-per,stu-dent,fa-ther,ze-ro,mo-tor,far-ther

　　　 Short note sev-en,stud-y,moth-er,ver-y,mod-le ,weath-er

3. Stress syllables

A syllable in a word that sounds especially loud . Mark two syllables with phonetic symbols 、 The pronunciation of polysyllabic words , The stress symbol shall be used . Monosyllabic words are mostly stressed syllables , No stress symbol is required to mark the pronunciation .

4. Open syllable

① Absolutely open syllable ： A stressed syllable that has no consonants after a single vowel letter .

for example ：no,blue,ba-by,stu-dent,se-cret

② Relative open syllables ： A single vowel followed by a single consonant , Add another silent letter e A stressed syllable formed by .

for example ：name,these,bike,home,excuse

5. Closed syllable

A single vowel letter is followed by a consonant letter （r、w、y With the exception of ） A stressed syllable ending in a consonant .

for example ：bag,egg,fish,not,cup

6. Disyllabic word stress rules

① The first syllable of a disyllabic word is usually the stressed syllable .

for example ： stu-dent,Chi-na,sec-ond,au-tumn

② contain a- be- de- re- in- ex- Disyllabic words with equal prefixes are often stressed on the second syllable . The stress position of disyllabic words will not be changed by adding prefixes or suffixes .

for example ：a-bout,be-fore,ex-cuse,re-pair,for-get-ful,in-ven-tor

7. Rules for stress of polysyllabic words

Polysyllabic words are usually stressed on the penultimate syllable .

for example ： el-e-phant

The end of the word has -ic or -tion,-sion The word , stay -ic or -sion,-tion Stress the first syllable .

for example ：scien-tific,im-pression,na-tion

 

5、 ... and 、 Rules for plural nouns .

1. In most cases, the plural number is added after the word S To denote the plural . Example words ：boys, cages, horses.

2. With s, x, z, ch, sh or 'j' The ending noun , Add ES To represent the plural . Example words ：foxes, bushes, bosses.

3. With vowels +Y The ending noun , Add S To represent the plural . Example words ：monkey - monkeys.

4. With consonants +Y The ending noun , Change Y by I, add ES To represent the plural . Example words ：puppy - pup pies.

5. With vowels +O The ending noun , Add S To represent the plural . Example words ：patio – patios.

6. With consonants +O The ending noun , Usually plus ES To represent the plural . Example words ：hero – heroes. But for some terms about music , Only add S To represent the plural . Example words ：piano – pianos.

7. With F or FE The ending noun , Usually plus S To represent the plural . Example words ：belief – beliefs. But some take the form of F The ending noun , To put F Change it to V, add ES To represent the plural . Example words ：wolf - wolves, wife – wives.

8. In most cases , Verbs are forming the third person , Now it's time , In the case of singular numbers , The change is the same as that of the plural of nouns . Example words ：cuts, raises, dresses, fixes, fizzes, catches, pushes, plays, carries, goes.

 

6、 ... and 、 Syllable division rules   https://wenku.baidu.com/view/47e7e33310661ed9ad51f3ca.html

A word is made up of one or more syllables . A syllable consists of a vowel and a consonant . Breaking words into syllables is to help pronounce , Understand and memorize words . The basic principles of word decomposition are as follows ：
1. A monosyllabic word cannot be broken down . Example words ：boat, good, knelt. Some words have consonants + long vowel + consonant +E form . because E It's not pronounced , So these words are monosyllabic words . Example words ：ate, ice, tune, slope, strobe, and these.

2. If there are two parallel vowels in a word , Make different sounds （ Instead of pronouncing a double vowel , Example words such as rain, day, see, veil, pie, piece, noise, toy, cue, and true.）, Divide two vowels into two different syllables . Example words ：di/et, cru/el.
3. If there are two consonants in a word , Separate consonants , That is to separate the syllables . Example words ：hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner. But it should be noted that double consonants cannot be separated . Double consonants have th", "sh", "ph", "th", "ch", and "wh" . Example words ：ma/chine, e/le/phant.

4. If the word begins with a long vowel , Followed by a consonant , Turn this long vowel into a single syllable . Example words ："o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil".
5. If the word is a consonant +LE ending , Put consonants +LE Delimit into one syllable . consonant +LE The syllables of include   -ble, -cle, -dle, -fle, and –gle. Example words ：tur/tle, ca/ble, this/tle.
6 . A compound word can be broken down into monosyllabic words . Example words ：shot gun, sun set, air plane.

7. When a word has a prefix or suffix , Separate its prefix from its root . Example words ：un/happy", "pre/paid", "re/write", farm/er", "teach/er", "hope/less", "care/ful".

 

7、 ... and 、 Accented pronunciation rules

1. The general stress is on the first syllable . Example words ：ba'/sic, pro'/gram.

2. If a word has a prefix or suffix , The stress is on the root . Example words ：de/lay', ex/plore', box'/es, un/tie'.

3. If the suffix of a word is -ion, ity, -ic, -ical, -ian, -ial, or -ious, Stress is placed on the syllable before the suffix . Example words ：af/fec/ta'/tion.

4. If the suffix of a word is -able, The stress is placed on the second syllable before the suffix . Example words ：dif/fer/en'/ti/ate

5. If the last syllable of a word contains two vowels , The stress is on the last syllable . Example words ：com/plain', con/ceal'.

6. If a word has two identical consonants , The stress is placed on the syllable before the two consonants . Example words ：be/gin'/ner, let'/ter.

7. If a word has three or more syllables , Usually the stress is placed on the first or second syllable . Example words ：ac'/ci/dent, de/ter'/mine.

 

8、 ... and 、 English word order rules

https://wenku.baidu.com/view/4144d622ccbff121dd3683ed.html

 

Nine 、 Five step intensive listening method （ Deliberate practice ）：
A、 Listen to the full text 10 All over , Begin to understand the main idea of the full text .
B、 Listen carefully one sentence at a time
C、 Listen in segments
D、 Whole listening
E、 imitation

 

Ten 、 Video and sound

https://gimy.tv/ep-21814-2-1.html   desperate housewife
Law and order

www.ted.com

 

11、 ... and 、 Complete grammar

https://www.en998.com/g/

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/61414127
A detailed explanation of English grammar